Swaging has high productivity combined with excellent fastening reliability. However, it is important to optimize the process conditions for mass production due to the difficulties in re-working. Representative control factors that affect swaging quality is explained below.

(1) Swaging Quality

Below representative items can be listed related to swaging quality.

a） Swaging strength (Slip torque) b） Appearance (Cracking, Bow deformation, Axial deformation)

Explanation

	a) Swaging strength	Evaluated with the slip torque which is the deformation torque force generated by the pins (rivets) inserted in holes and deformed. Naturally, this is largely affected by the material of both parts.
	b) Appearance	This is a quality management item required to avoid negative influences on assembly productivity, and to indirectly determine the swaging quality by the appearance of the swaged parts.

(2) Control factors for swaging quality

Swaging quality control factors are classified as 4M (Material, Machine, Methods, Man) and explained.

1) Control factors related to Materials

	(1)	Materials to be swaged (Relationship of 2 material types.. Differences in tensile strengths, modulus of elasticity, etc.)
	(2)	Swaging section shapes and accuracies of 2 parts (Material thickness, Swaging overlap, crush dimension, Axis swaging shape, Burrs, etc.)
	(3)	Pretreatment conditions on swaging materials (Heat treatment.. hardness, surface treatment.. friction coefficient, surface layer strength, hardness, etc.)

2) Control factors related to equipment (Machine)

	(1)	Drive characteristics of swaging device (Operation stability, workpiece locating accuracy, play, etc.)
	(2)	Swaging punch shape (Punch angle, tip shape, etc..... Transferring of deformation stress and its stability)

3) Control factors related to Materials

	(1)	Pressure application method (Constant dimension pressuring, Constant load pressuring) and pressuring force
	(2)	Pressuring condition (Heat applied or not, pressuring speed, etc.)

4) Control factors related to operator (Man)

	(1)	Stability of pressuring work (pressuring force, Retention time)
	(2)	Equipment maintenance